Chapter 13

European Empires in the Americas

  • Spanish focused their empire-building efforts in the Caribbean and then, in the early 16th century to the mainland, with stunning conquests of powerful but fragile Aztec and Inca empires.
  • Portuguese established themselves along the coast of present-day Brazil.
  • British, French, and Dutch launched colonial settlements along the eastern coast of North America.

Comparing Colonial Societies in the Americas
  • “Old World” gave the rise to a “New World” in the Americas. Their colonial empires: Spanish, Portuguese, British and French did not simply conquer and govern societies but rather generated new societies.
  • European rulers viewed their realms through the lens of the economic theory known as mercantilism – encouraging exports and accumulating bullion
    • precious metals: Silver and Gold. Which were believed to be the source of national prosperity
The Steppes and Siberia: The Making of a Russian Empire
  • Europeans were building their empires in the Americas, while the Russian Empire was beginning to take shape.
  • The city of Moscow was emerging from two centuries of Mongol rule. Conquered a number of neighboring Russian speaking cities and incorporating them into its territory.
  • Over the next 3 centuries, Russian domination over the vast tundra, forests, and grasslands of northern Asia extended.
  • Some 200,000 in the 17th century and speaking 100 languages and mostly dedicated to hunting, gathering and herding people – no access to weapons.
Asian Empires
  • West Europeans were building their empires in the Americas and Russia across the Siberia. Turko Mongol invaders from Central Asia created the Mughal Empire, bringing Hindu and Islamic rule. While the Ottoman Empire brought the Christian population with Islamic to Turkish grounds.
  • None of these empires had the global reach or worldwide impact of Europe´s American colonies. Nor did they have the same devastating and transforming impact on their conquered peoples.

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