Chapter 16

Echoes of Revolution
  • Britains lost of North America colonies, fueled its interest in interventions in Asia – India and the Opium Wars in China
  • Napoleon´s brief conquest in Egypt opened the way for a modernizing regime to emerge.
  • During the 19th centuries, the idea of a “constitution” found advocates in Poland, Latin America, Spanish Philippines, British-India and China
  • Opened ideas of republicanism, greater social equality and national liberation from foreign rule.
  • The echos of the Atlantic Revolutions: o Abolitionists: end of Slavery o Nationalists: hoped foster unity and independence o Feminists: challenged male dominance
  • Abolition of Slavery
    • Enlightenment thinkers in the 18th century in Europe become increasingly critical of slavery as a violation of natural rights.
    • Antislavery thinking increased with Quakers and Protestant evangelicals in Britain and the United States.
    • Abolitionist movements in Britain, brought pressure on governments to close down the trade in slaves. (in 1807 Britain end slave trade), British naval patrolled the Atlantic intercepted illegal slave ships and freed human cargoes in West Africa.
    • Brazil in 1888m was the last to do so. After 4 centuries of the Slave trade.
    • End of Slavery during the 19th century marked a major turn on social history and moral thinking
  • Nations and Nationalism
    • End of Slavery, the Atlantic Revolutions also gave new prominence to a relatively recent king of the human community; the nation.
    • States did not coincide with the culture of a particular country, the French Revolution declared to defend the French Nation against external enemies.
    • Deeply bounded to their fellows by ties of blood, culture or common land.
    • Europe´s transformation also facilitated nationalism.
    • Nationalism proved to be a powerful idea in the 19th century and beyond. The inspired political unification of Germany and Italy. Greeks to assert their independence of the Ottoman Empire. Czechs and Hungarians to demand more autonomy. Irish to seek separation from Great Britain
  • Feminist Beginnings
    • The third Echo of the Atlantic revolutions lay in the emergence of the feminist movement. Women questioned the subordination of women to men.
    • The French Revolution then raised the possibility of re-creating human societies many women participated in these events.
    • Mary Wollstonecraft to pen her famous “Vindication of the Rights of Woman”.
      • feminist consciousness.
    • A growing middle class of industrializing societies more women found both educational opportunities and some freedom.
    • 1870 feminist movements in the West were focusing primarily on the Suffrage.
    • By 1914, some 100,000 women took part in French Feminist organizations.
    • Upper-middle-class women had gained entrance to universities. In the United States, a number of states passed legislation, divorce laws were liberalized in some places also.
    • Still, socialists and other scholars found themselves divided about women's issues.

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