Chapter 20

The First World War: European Civilization in Crisis, 1914-1918
  • Europe global power but rivalry and conflict at home
  • the assassination of Franz Ferdinand
    • June 28, 1914
  • Alliances and nationalism
  • Industrialized militarism
  • European empires and trade make it a global war
  • Surprises and horrors of the war
  • Widespread disillusionment in Europe
  • Gender and the war
    • mother's day vs flappers
  • National Self-Determination in Europe
  • Russian Revolution in 1917
  • Treaty of Versailles in 1919
  • Armenian Genocide, the Ottoman collapse, and the rise of Turkey
  • View from the colonies
  • Japanese expansion in China
  • Rise of the United States
Capitalism Unraveling: The Great Depression
  • Capitalism's mixed track record
  • Sudden unraveling of the economic system in 1929
  • A crisis of overproduction, international loans, and stock speculation
  • Impact on global suppliers of raw materials and food
  • Import substitution industrialization in Latin America
  • Responses of the industrialized capitalist states
  • Stalin's USSR
Democracy Denied: Comparing Italy, Germany, and Japan
  • Extreme nationalism
  • Celebration of violence and a charismatic leader
  • Reactionary revolutionaries
  • Anticommunist, antidemocratic, and antifeminist
  • Benito Mussolini and his Black Shirts
  • Fasces
  • Powerful centralized state
  • Many similarities to Mussolini and the Black Shirts
  • The Weimar Republic and the "stab in the back" myth
  • Economic disaster
  • Racism, antisemitism, and anti-communism
  • Anti-treaty of Versailles
  • Chancellor, 1933, and immediate attacks on opponents
  • Mein Kampf, Nuremberg Laws, and Kristallnacht
  • Antifeminism and male sexuality
  • Support for Hitler
  • Economic growth, social tension, and political repression in the 1920s
  • Impact of the Great Depression
  • Radical Nationalism or the Revolutionary Right
  • Assassinations and a failed military coup
  • No single party or charismatic leader
  • Growth of rightist authoritarians within the government
  • Government action on the economy
  • Japanese less repressive than Italy or Germany
A Second World War, 1937-1945
  • Invasion of Manchuria in 1931, and of China in 1937
  • Frustrations with the United States, Europe, and the USSR
  • Invasion of colonial Southeast Asia for resources
  • "Asia for Asians" vs reality of occupation
  • Reluctant attack on Pearl Harber on Dec. 7, 1941
  • A deliberate, planned, and desired war: lebensraum
  • Rearmament and expansion between 1935-1939
  • France conquered, Britain bombed and the USSR invaded
  • Blitzkrieg
  • USSR and the United States turn the tide in 1942
  • 60,000 people died, 50% civilians
  • 25,000,000 in USSR and 15,000,000 in China
  • Massive mobilizations for total war
  • Women as workers and as victims
  • Holocaust and other Nazi mass murders
  • Legacies of the Holocaust
  • A weakened Europe
  • Communist world expands
  • United Nations, World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund
The Recovery of Europe
  • A disastrous first half of the century but a much better second half
  • Marshall Plan
  • European Coal and Steel Community
  • NATO and America's "empire by invitation"

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